HRV
Jozefina (Jozefinska cesta, Josipova cesta, cesta Karlovac – Senj) povijesna je cesta koja povezuje grad i luku Senj na obali Jadranskoga mora s gradom Karlovcem u središnjoj Hrvatskoj, odnosno sjeverno hrvatsko primorje i središnju Hrvatsku.
Prema legendi, Josip II., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva i kralj hrvatski, osobno se uvjerio u lošu povezanost Senja i zaleđa tako što je prelazeći Kapelu pored današnjega Josipdola pao s konja. Bilo zbog toga, ili zbog vojnih potreba za boljim komunikacijama sa primorjem, na kraljev je nalog i trošak 1775. godine pokrenuta gradnja ceste pod vodstvom inženjerskog časnika Vinka Struppija.
Sama trasa ceste počinje u Karlovcu te se preko Kapele, Brinja i Vratnika spuštala do Senja. U čast svog inicijatora dobila je nova cesta naziv Via Josephina, tj. Jozefinska ili Josipova cesta.
Trasa ceste položena je tako da je prolazila naseljima i drugim istaknutim točkama, slijedeći uz to približno potez već korištenoga puta. Stoga je cesta imala mnogo izgubljenih padova i vrlo strmih odsjeka, prije svega na prijelazu preko Velike Kapele i na spustu s Vratnika u Senjsku Dragu. Maksimalni nagibi na navedenim sektorima dostižu na nekim mjestima 20 % do 30 %.
O održavanju Jozefine brinulo se 220 cestara, približno 2 po kilometru, koje je davala svaka graničarska regimenta za svoje područje. 1873. godine pušteni su u promet i vojni transporti zaprežnim kolima, a s njima su radi lakšega odvijanja komunikacije otvorene poštanske stanice u kojima su se izmjenjivali konji. Redovni poštanski promet na relaciji Beč – Zagreb – Karlovac – Senj počeo se odvijati 1786. godine
Cesta je nakon oštećenja u II. svjetskome ratu obnavljana te je njena trasa asfaltirana u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća. I danas se koristi za putnički i teretni prijevoz. Iako mnogo toga nije sačuvano, obelisk u Karlovcu, Velika vrata u Senju, mostovi, sunčane ure, miljokazi i ostali sačuvani spomenici predstavljaju trajnu kulturnu baštinu.
EN
The Josephina (Croatian: Jozefina or Jozefinska cesta, German: Josefiner Straße) is a historic road in Croatia that connects Senj and thus the Adriatic coast and Karlovac and the Pannonian plain. It crosses the Dinaric Alps via the Vratnik pass (700 metres (2,300 feet) above sea level) between Senj and Brinje and the Kapela Pass between Brinje and Modruš.
Vratnik pass, currently a part of the D23 road, was already in use during Roman time as a salt road, and it became important for timber and other goods in the Middle Ages. However, the first well documented road built along the route was Via Josephina named after Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor who commissioned its construction in 1775. Latin inscriptions carved in rock along the original Via Josephina route completed in 1779 testify that the Emperor travelled through the Vratnik pass on horseback when he realized that the route between Senj, as a major fortress on Adriatic coast, and the hinterland was nearly impassable. Legend has it that this happened when he fell from his horse near Vratnik Pass.[2] Even though the incident is impossible to verify, the town of Josipdol to the east of the mountain pass is named after the Holy Roman Emperor.
In 1775, Joseph II indeed commissioned construction of the route, exactly 100 kilometres (62 miles) long, from Vinko Struppi, a military engineer, and the road, named after the Emperor, was completed in 1779.[4] The original route comprised very steep sections and 20% inclines were not uncommon. There was even one climb at a 30% grade. Because of this the road was modified and extended by 15 kilometres (9.3 miles), in order to remove such steep sections. The first reconstruction was carried out as early as late 18th century, and another one between 1833 and 1845 managed by Field Marshal Josip Filip Vukasović and Josip Kajetan Knežić respectively. Subsequent modifications were not as significant. The road was paved in 1950, when the last minor modifications of the route were executed.
The route was distinguished by mile markers along the route, an obelisk in Karlovac marking the beginning of the road and a specially built gate in Senj marking its end. Most remarkably the original road included a stone bridge across three spans in Tounj, which was expanded during the reconstruction of 1845 and now has two levels. The upper level was destroyed during World War II, but it was rebuilt in the 1950s.